Strateji / v1.89.3 / by Ruby Games AS / 81.10M

Strateji / 1.0 / by Onotion / 53.09M

Strateji / v1.0.5.1528 / by Sixjoy Limited / 1854.00M

Strateji / 3.2729.1 / by Supercell / 299.17M

Strateji / 1.0 / 38.70M

Strateji / 9.2.1.11 / by Level Infinite / 373.13M

Strateji / 0.9.1 / 157.92M

Strateji / 1.15 / by Wayfu Studio / 123.00M

Strateji / 1.56 / 93.56M

Strateji / 23.27.5 / by lucia8761 / 197.00M

Strateji / 7.00.11 / 126.38M

Strateji / 1.2 / by Tap Dog Studio / 50.00M

Strateji / 1.8.1 / by Sweet Maker Shop / 32.00M

Strateji / 0.33 / 53.20M

Strateji / 1.44 / 78.44M